Bergen Protocol on Communications and Relations among Cities of the Organization of World Heritage Cities (1995)

Preface: The Bergen Protocol on Communications and Relations among Cities of the Organization of World Heritage Cities (1995) was adopted by the 2nd General Assembly of the OWHC, Bergen, Norway  on 30 June, 1995.

The Protocol is the result of the Second General Assembly of the OWHC. It reiterates the aim of identifying tools for the responsible management of historic urban areas, sharing information on dealing with problems of tourism, pollution, fires, and natural disasters through publication of a newsletter or exchanges of specialist. It invites other international organizations concerned with the care of cultural heritage to participate in OWHC projects. The document also includes commitments for cooperative projects with OWHC from UNESCO, the Council of Europe, ICCROM (International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property), and ICOMOS. OWHC is also included in a Blue Shield disaster preparedness initiative.

Category

Date

1995

Promulgation

The 2nd General Assembly of the OWHC, Bergen, 30 June, 1995.

Descriptions

• It reiterates the aim of identifying tools for the responsible management of historic urban areas, sharing information on dealing with problems of tourism, pollution, fires, and natural disasters through publication of a newsletter or exchanges of specialist.
• It invites other international organizations concerned with the care of cultural heritage to participate in OWHC projects. It includes commitments for cooperative projects with OWHC from UNESCO, the Council of Europe, ICCROM, and ICOMOS.

Source

 http://icomosubih.ba/pdf/suradnja/Bergen_Protocol.pdf

Download

 http://icomosubih.ba/pdf/suradnja/Bergen_Protocol.pdf

References

• Bergen Protocol on Communications and Relations among Cities of the Organization of World Heritage Cities (1995)
  •  http://icomosubih.ba/pdf/suradnja/Bergen_Protocol.pdf
  • Relations with non-governmental organizations foundations and similar institutions. http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001223/122345E.pdf
• The Nara Document on Authenticity (1994)
  •  http://www.international.icomos.org/charters/nara-e.pdf
  • Do We Really Want Authenticity? https://vincemichael.wordpress.com/tag/nara/
  • Nara Document on Authenticity – UNESCO: World Heritage. http://whc.unesco.org/archive/nara94.htm
  • Nara+20: on heritage practices, cultural values, and the concept of authenticity.  http://www.japan-icomos.org/pdf/nara20_final_eng.pdf
  • Bronson, S.D., 2001.  Authenticity Considerations for Curtain-Wall Buildings: Seminar Summary. APT Bulletin, 32 (1), 5–8.
  • Jokilehto J. 2006,  Considerations on authenticity and integrity in world heritage context. City & Time 2 (1): 1. http://www.ct.ceci-br.org.
  • Jokilehto, J., 2006.  Preservation Theory Unfolding. Future Anterior: Journal of Historic Preservation, History, Theory, and Criticism, 3 (1), 1–9.
  • Jerome, P., 2008.  An Introduction to Authenticity in Preservation. APT Bulletin: Journal of Preservation Technology, 39 (2/3), 3–7.
  • Stovel, H., 2008.  Origins and Influence of the Nara Document on Authenticity. APT Bulletin: Journal of Preservation Technology, 39 (2), 9–17.
  • Van Balen, K., 2008.  The Nara Grid: an evaluation scheme based on the Nara Document on Authenticity. APT Bulletin: Journal of Preservation Technology, 39 (2-3), 39–45.
  • Araoz, G.F., 2008.  World-Heritage Historic Urban Landscapes: Defining and Protecting Authenticity. APT Bulletin: Journal of Preservation Technology, 39 (2), 33–37.
  • Cameron, C., 2008.  From Warsaw to Mostar: The World Heritage Committee and Authenticity. APT Bulletin: Journal of Preservation Technology, 39 (2), 19–24.
  • Andrews, T.D. and Buggey, S., 2008.  Authenticity in Aboriginal Cultural Landscapes. APT Bulletin: Journal of Preservation Technology, 39 (2), 63–71.
  • Mitchell, N.J., 2008.  Considering the authenticity of cultural landscapes. APT Bulletin: Journal of Preservation Technology, 39 (2-3), 25–31.
  • Van Uytsel, S. and Jurčys, P., 2012. ‘Heritage and Societies: Toward the 20th Anniversary of the Nara Document and Beyond’ – Conference Report. Journal of Japanese Law, 34, 309–316.
• The Venice Charter: International Charter for the Conservation and Restoration of Monuments and Sites
  • The Venice Charter (1964)
    • English:  http://www.international.icomos.org/charters/venice_e.pdf
    • English-Japanese:  http://www.japan-icomos.org/charters/venice.pdf
  • The Venice Charter (1964-2004) 40^th Anniversary. http://www.icomos.org/venicecharter2004/
  • Matthew Hardy. 2008. The Venice Charter Revisited: Modernism, Conservation and Tradition in the 21st Century. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
  • Conservation and Restoration: What’s the Difference? http://venice.umwblogs.org/exhibit/the-conservation-of-venetian-building-materials/conservation-and-restoration-whats-the-difference/
  • Roman, Andras (2002)  Reconstruction – from the Venice Charter to the Charter of Cracow 2000. In: Estrategias relativas al patrimonio cultural mundial. La salvaguarda en un mundo globalizado. Principios, practicas y perspectivas. 13th ICOMOS General Assembly and Scientific Symposium. Actas. Comité Nacional Español del ICOMOS, Madrid, pp. 117-119.
  • It’s time to consign the Venice Charter to history. http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/da1108a2-0ac8-11e5-a8e8-00144feabdc0.html#axzz3xRyKjid0
  • The Venice Charter Revisited Conference. 2-5 November 2006, Venice, Italy. http://www.intbau.org/archive/venicecharter.htm
  • Matthew Hardy. The Venice Charter Revisited: Modernism and Conservation in the Postwar World (new Edition). Cambridge Scholars Publishing; new edition (January 11, 2009).
  • Jokilehto, J., 1998.  International trends in historic preservation: From ancient monuments to living cultures. APT Bulletin: Journal of Preservation Technology, 29 (3/4), 17–19.
  • Jokilehto, J., 1998b.  The context of the Venice Charter (1964). Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites, 2 (4), 229–233.
• Resolution on Information as an Instrument for Protection against War Damages to the Cultural Heritage (1994)
  •  http://www.international.icomos.org/publications/war_damage_1994/stockholm1994.pdf
  • http://www.iicc.org.cn/Info.aspx?ModelId=1&Id=423
  • Cultural heritage in crisis and post-crisis situations.  http://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/X2H-Xref-ViewPDF.asp?FileID=21634&lang=en
  • ICCROM. Protecting Cultural Heritage in Times of Conflict. http://www.iccrom.org/ifrcdn/pdf/ICCROM_18_ProtectingHeritageConflict_en.pdf
  • 2015. Joint Motion for a Resolution (2014-2019). http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//NONSGML+MOTION+P8-RC-2015-0375+0+DOC+PDF+V0//EN
  • Stefano Manacorda. 2011. Criminal Law Protection of Cultural Heritage: An International Perspective.  http://www.springer.com/cda/content/document/cda_downloaddocument/9781441979452-c1.pdf
  • Adams, R.M., 2001.  Iraq’s Cultural Heritage: Collateral Damage. Science, 293 (5527), 13–13.
  • Gibson, M., 2003.  Fate of Iraqi Archaeology. Science, 299 (5614), 1848–1849.
  • O’Keefe, R., 2004.  World Cultural Heritage: Obligations To The International Community As A Whole? International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 53 (01), 189–209.
  • Lawler, A., 2014.  Satellites track heritage loss across Syria and Iraq. Science, 346 (6214), 1162–1163.
  • di Lernia, S., 2015.  Cultural heritage: Save Libyan archaeology. Nature, 517 (7536), 547–549.
  • Lane, E., 2015.  Scientists work to save antiquities from Islamic State destruction. Science, 350 (6267), 1485–1486.
  • Culotta, E., 2015.  Breakdown of the year: Assault on the past. Science, 350 (6267), 1464–1465.
  • Jessica Maves Braithwaite. War on Culture: The Destruction of Cultural Property During Civil Wars. University of Arizona Honors College. http://arizona.openrepository.com/arizona/bitstream/10150/579303/1/azu_etd_mr_2015_0208_sip1_m.pdf
• Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict (1954). http://orcp.hustoj.com/2015/10/11/hague_convention1954/
• UN General Assembly Resolution on the Return or Restitution of Cultural Property to the Countries of Origin
  • 1993:
    • Return or restitution of cultural property to the countries of origin. http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/48/a48r015.htm
    •  http://www.unesco.org/culture/laws/pdf/UNGA_resolution4815.pdf
  • 1995: Return or restitution of cultural property to the countries of origin. http://www.un.org/documents/ga/docs/50/plenary/a50-498.htm
  • 1996: Return or restitution of cultural property to the countries of origin. http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/50/ares50-56.htm
  • Resolutions adopted by the United Nations General Assembly about Return and Restitution of Cultural Property. http://portal.unesco.org/culture/en/ev.php-URL_ID=37062&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html
  • Nafziger, J.A.R., 1983.  New International Legal Framework for the Return, Restitution or Forfeiture of Cultural Property. New York University Journal of International Law and Politics, 15 (4), 789–812.
  • Merryman, J.H., 1988.  The Retention of Cultural Property. U.C. Davis Law Review, 21 (3), 477–514.
  • Gerstenblith, P., 2000. Public Interest in the Restitution of Cultural Objects. Connecticut Journal of International Law, 16 (2), 197–246.
  • Cornu, M. and Renold, M.-A., 2010.  New Developments in the Restitution of Cultural Property: Alternative Means of Dispute Resolution. International Journal of Cultural Property, 17 (01), 1–31.
  • Roehrenbeck, C.A., 2010.  Repatriation of Cultural Property–Who Owns the Past? An Introduction to Approaches and to Selected Statutory Instruments. International Journal of Legal Information, 38 (2), 185–200.
• The Fez Charter (1993)
  • http://www.ovpm.org/en/key_documents
  • Organization of World Heritage Cities for Asia Pacific. http://www.owhcap.org/
  • What is OWHC? http://ehhf.eu/sites/default/files/201407/Organization%20of%20World%20Heritage%20Cities.pdf
  • Amina El Bouaaichi. 2011, Urban heritage in action in the historic city of Fez: guest houses rehabilitation models. http://www.arcc-journal.org/index.php/repository/article/viewFile/349/285
  • Birabi, A.K., 2007. International urban conservation charters: catalytic or passive tools of urban conservation practices among developing countries? City & Time, 3 (2), 39–53.
  • Mathisen, B., 2012.  East Africa World Heritage Network and stakeholder priorities. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 18 (3), 332–338.
  • Minaidis, L., 2014. Organization of World Heritage Cities (OWHC). In: Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology. New York, NY: Springer New York, 5611–5614.
• New Orleans Charter for the Joint Preservation of Historic Structures and Artifacts (1992)
  • http://cool.conservation-us.org/bytopic/ethics/neworlea.html
  • http://www.conservation-us.org/docs/default-source/governance/new-orleans-charter-for-joint-preservation-of-historic-structures-and-artifacts-(1992).pdf
  • https://www.uvm.edu/histpres/307/neworleanscharter.html
• Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) of 1992
  • https://www.cbd.int/doc/legal/cbd-en.pdf
  • 2015: Message of the executive secretary of the Convention on Biological Diversity. https://www.cbd.int/doc/speech/2015/sp-2015-05-08-wmbd-en.pdf
  • https://www.cbd.int/convention/
  • Text of the CBD
    • English: https://www.cbd.int/doc/legal/cbd-en.pdf
    • Chinese: https://www.cbd.int/doc/legal/cbd-zh.pdf
  • Laurence Boisson de Chazournes. http://legal.un.org/avl/ha/cpbcbd/cpbcbd.html
    • English: http://legal.un.org/avl/pdf/ha/cpbcbd/cpbcbd_e.pdf
    • Chinese: http://legal.un.org/avl/pdf/ha/cpbcbd/cpbcbd_c.pdf
  • A brief introduction to the The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). http://www.iisd.ca/biodiv/cbdintro.html
  • The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/page-1365
  • Redford, K.H. and Dinerstein, E., 1994. Biological Diversity and Agriculture. Science, 265 (5171), 457–458.
  • Kate, K. t., 2002. Science and the Convention on Biological Diversity. Science, 295 (5564), 2371–2372.
  • Balmford, A., 2005.  The Convention on Biological Diversity’s 2010 Target. Science, 307 (5707), 212–213.
  • Hoffmann, M., et al., 2010. The Impact of Conservation on the Status of the World ’s Vertebrates. Science, 330 (6010), 1503–1509.
  • Naeem, S., Duffy, J.E., and Zavaleta, E., 2012. The Functions of Biological Diversity in an Age of Extinction. Science, 336 (6087), 1401–1406.
  • Joppa, L.N., Visconti, P., Jenkins, C.N., and Pimm, S.L., 2013. Achieving the Convention on Biological Diversity’s Goals for Plant Conservation. Science, 341 (6150), 1100–1103.
  • Fox, J.L., 1999. Delegates face many challenges negotiating Biosafety Protocol. Nature Biotechnology, 17 (2), 123–123.
  • Macilwain, C., 2000. Diversity convention in the balance. Nature, 403 (6767), 233.
  • Gewin, V., 2002.  Ecosystem health: The state of the planet. Nature, 417 (6885), 112–113.
  • Knapp, S., 2003.  Dynamic diversity. Nature, 422, 475.
  • Loreau, M., Oteng-Yeboah, A., Arroyo, M.T.K., Babin, D., Barbault, R., Donoghue, M., Gadgil, M., Häuser, C., Heip, C., Larigauderie,  a, Ma, K., Mace, G., Mooney, H. a, Perrings, C., Raven, P., Sarukhan, J., Schei, P., Scholes, R.J., and Watson, R.T., 2006.  Diversity without representation. Nature, 442 (7100), 245–246.
  • Strauss, S.H., Tan, H., Boerjan, W., and Sedjo, R., 2009. Strangled at birth? Forest biotech and the Convention on Biological Diversity. Nature biotechnology, 27 (6), 519–527.
  • Macilwain, C., 2010.  World view: Disaster, unmitigated. Nature, 465 (7296), 287–287.
  • Tollefson, J. and Gilbert, N., 2012.  Earth summit: Rio report card. Nature, 486 (7401), 20–23.
  • Polasky, S., 2012.  Economics: Conservation in the red. Nature, 492 (7428), 193–194.
  • Ellison, A.M., 2014.  Political borders should not hamper wildlife. Nature, 508 (7494), 9.
• Charter of Courmayeur (1992)
  • http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/CLT/pdf/Charter_Courmayeur_en.pdf
• Charter for the Conservation of Places of Cultural Heritage Value (1992)
  • 1992: http://www.gdrc.org/heritage/icomos-nz.html
  • 2010 revision: http://www.icomos.org.nz/docs/NZ_Charter.pdf
  • http://www.icomos.org.nz/nzcharters.htm
• A Preservation Charter for the Historic Towns and Areas of the United States of America (1992)
  •  http://orcp.hustoj.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/1992-A-Preservation-Charter-for-the-Historic-Towns-and-Areas-of-the-United-States-of-America.pdf
  • http://www.usicomos.org/symp/archive/1992/docs/4943
  • http://conservacion.inah.gob.mx/normativa/wp-content/uploads/Documento146.pdf
  • English-Japanese: http://www.japan-icomos.org/charters/usicomos.pdf
  • Diane Barthel, 1989. Historic Preservation: A Comparative Analyses. Sociological Forum, 4 (1), 87–105.
  • Listokin, D., Listokin, B., and Lahr, M., 1998. The contributions of historic preservation to housing and economic development. Housing Policy Debate, 9 (3), 431–478.
• The Québec City Declaration (1991)
  • http://www.international.icomos.org/publications/93towns7v.pdf
  • Organization of World Heritage Cities.
    • http://www.ovpm.org/en/key_documents
    • http://www.ovpm.org/index.php?module=pagesetter&func=viewpub&tid=1&pid=40
    • Minaidis, L., 2014. Organization of World Heritage Cities (OWHC). In: Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology. New York, NY: Springer New York, 5611–5614.
  • Bergen Protocol  on communications and relations among cities of  the Organization of World Heritage Cities. http://icomosubih.ba/pdf/suradnja/Bergen_Protocol.pdf
  • Jokilehto J. 2006, World Heritage: Defining the outstanding universal value. City & Time 2 (2): 1. http://www.ct.ceci-br.org
• International Scientific Committee on Historic Towns
  • ISC Historic Towns. http://www.icomos.org/en/what-we-do/disseminating-knowledge/publicationall/116-english-categories/resources/publications/299-isc-historic-towns
  • ICOMOS International Committee on Historic Towns 
  • 1. Statutes of the Committee on Historic Towns 
  • 2. List of Members of CIVVIH 
  • 3. The Headquarters of CIVVIH  (Andrea Gadoczi)
  • 4. The International Charter of Historic Towns 
  • 5. List of World Heritage Towns and Villages 
  • 6. Resolutions, Recommendations, Declarations on the Rehabilitation of Historic Towns 1 -22 
    • – UNESCO- Recommendation concerning the Safeguarding of the Beauty and Character of Landscapes and Sites. Paris, 11 December 1962 
    • – ICOMOS- Resolutions on the Regeneration of Historic Urban Sites. Levoca, 20-26 June 1966 
    • – ICOMOS- First Conference on the Protection and Revivification of Centres of Historic or Artistic Interest. Cáceres, 15-19 March 1967 
    • – ICOMOS- Recommendations of the Executive Committee Concerning Special Problems relating to the Reclamation, Restoration and Development of the Potencialities of the North-African and Asian Cities of the Mediterranean Basin. Tunis, 9-16 June 1968 
    • – ICOMOS- Resolutions of the Symposium on the Introduction of Contemporary Architecture into Ancient Groups of Buildings. Budapest, 25-30 June 1972 
    • – ICOMOS- Resolution adopted by the Sandefjord Symposium the Wooden Town in Scandinavian Countries. Sandefjord, 22-24 September 1972 
    • – UNESCO- Recommendation Concerning the Protection, at National Level, of the Cultural and Natural Heritage. Paris, 16 November 1972
    • – ICMOS- Resolutions of the Symposium devoted to the Study of “The Streetscape in Historic Towns”. Lausanne, 17-22 June 1973 
    • – ICOMOS- 1° Conferenza Mondiale del Traffico. Bologna, 10-12 June 1973 
    • – ICOMOS- UIA Seminar on the Integration of Modern Architecture in Old Surroundings. Kazimierz Dolny, 16-19 October 1974 
    • – ICOMOS- The Resolution of Bruges: Principles Governing the Rehabilitation of Historic Towns. Bruges, 12-15 May 1975 
    • – ICOMOS- Resolutions of the International Symposium on the Conservation of Smaller Historic Towns. Rothenburg/ Tauber, 29-30 May 1975 
    • – Europa Nostra- Charte Europeenne du Patrimoine Architectural. Amsterdam, 1975 
    • – ICOMOS- UNESCO- Recommendation adopted at the International Symposium- A New Life for Historic Towns. Prague- Bratislava, 30 September- 5 October 1976 
    • – UNESCO- Recommendation Concerning the Safeguarding and Contemporary Role of Historic Areas. Nairobi, 26 October- 30 November 1976
    • – ICOMOS- Resolution “Secteurs Sauvegardés Ruraux”. Szombathely, 23-29 Juin 1977 
    • – ICOMOS- Colloque sur les “Ensembles Historique Traditionnels”. Cracovie, 15-18 October 1980 
      – Internazionale Städteforum Memorandum of Graz- To avoid Suffocating of Our Cities in Traffic Graz, 7-10 June 1990 
    • – ICOMOS- COMPTE Rendu du Colloque International “Methodes Scientifiques pour Sauvegarder la Memoire d’une Ville: problemes de la Formation”. Sofia, 28 Sept.- 1 Oct. 1990 
    • – ICOMOS- Declaración de la Ciudad de México; 25 Años de Conservación del Patrimonio: Balance y Perspectivas. Ciudad de México, 7-10 Novembre 1990 
    • – Network of World Heritage Towns- the Quebec City Declaration- Preservation of the Urban Heritage. Quebec, 30 June- 4 July 1991 
    • – Conseil de l’Europe Declaration; 7e Symposium des Villes Historiques. Istambul, 16-18 September 1992 
  • 7. Collection of Data of CIVVIH Meetings  (prepared by Tamas Fejérdy)
•  CIVVIH
  • CIVVIH historical background. CIVVIH HISTORICAL BACKGROUND.pdf
  • Annual Reports of CIVVIH. http://civvih.icomos.org/?q=node/65
  • Charters and Declarations. http://civvih.icomos.org/?q=node/6
• ICOMOS. International Charters for Conservation and Restoration. http://www.icomos.org/charters/charters.pdf
• Law of the People’s Republic of China on Protection of Cultural Relics
  • 1982 version:
    • http://www.china.org.cn/english/environment/34304.htm
  • 2002 Amendment:
    • http://orcp.hustoj.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Law-of-the-People’s-Republic-of-China-on-Protection-of-Culture-Relics-2002-10-28.pdf
    •  https://digital.law.washington.edu/dspace-law/bitstream/handle/1773.1/533/18PacRimLPolyJ405.pdf?sequence=1
  • 2007 Amendment:
    • http://www.unesco.org/culture/natlaws/media/pdf/china/china_lawprotectionclt_entof
    •  https://www.unodc.org/res/cld/document/chn/1982/law-of-the-peoples-republic-of-china-on-protection-of-cultural-relics-chinese_html/Chinese.pdf
    • http://www.giurisprudenza.unimib.it/DATA/insegnamenti/8_896/materiale/losier%20class%205%201.pdf
  • 2013 Amendment:
    •  http://orcp.hustoj.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Cultural-Relics-Protection-Law-of-the-People’s-Republic-of-China-2013-Amendment.pdf
  • Regulations for the Implementation of the Copyright Law of the People’s Republic of China (2002)
    • http://portal.unesco.org/culture/en/files/30385/11424212483cn_regulation_implementation_2002_en.pdf/cn_regulation_implementation_2002_en.pdf
  • Cohen, J.A., 1982. The Criminal Law of the People’s Republic of China. The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology (1973-), 73 (1), 138–170.
  • Newell, P., 2008. The PRC’s Law for the Protection of Cultural Relics. Art, Antiquity and Law, 13 (1), 1–58.
  • Zhu, G., 2012. China’s architectural heritage conservation movement. Frontiers of Architectural Research, 1 (1), 10–22.
  • Gruber, S., 2014. Perspectives on the Investigation, Prosecution and Prevention of Art Crime in Asia. In: S. Hufnagel and D. Chappell, eds. Contemporary Perspectives on the Detection, Investigation and Prosecution of Art Crime: Australasian, European and North American Perspectives. Surrey: Ashgate Publishing Group, 221–235. http://ssrn.com/abstract=2515178
  • Huo, Z., 2015. Legal protection of cultural heritage in China: A challenge to keep history alive. International Journal of Cultural Policy, 1–19.  http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10286632.2015.1015534
• Principles for the Conservation of Heritage Sites in China
  • Publication by the Getty Conservation Institute (2004)
    • http://orcp.hustoj.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Principles-for-the-Conservation-of-Heritage-Sites-in-China2002.pdf
  • Publication by the Getty Conservation Institute (2015)
    • http://orcp.hustoj.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Principles-for-the-Conservation-of-Heritage-Sites-in-China-Revised-2015.pdf
    • http://www.getty.edu/conservation/publications_resources/pdf_publications/china_principles_revised_2015.html
• Law of the People’s Republic of China on Protection of Cultural Relics
  • Chang, K., 1962. New Evidence on Fossil Man in China. Science, 136 (3518), 749–760.
  • Stone, M., Couzin, J., and Hui, L., 1998. Smuggled Chinese Fossils on Exhibit. Science, 281 (5375), 315–317.
  • Normile, D., 2001. Internal Fights, Looting Hinder Work in the Field. Science, 291 (5502), 239+241.
  • Ding, Y. and Lei, X., 2002. China Issues Rules on Fossil Excavation. Science, 297 (5589), 1981–1981.
  • Du, L., 2004. Scientists Warn of Threats to Fossil-Rich Chinese Site. Science, 305 (5681), 172–173.
  • Stone, R., 2008. Chinese Province Crafts Pioneering Law to Thwart Biopiracy. Science, 320 (5877), 732–733.
  • Lawler, A., 2009. Archaeologists Raise The Old With the New. Science, 325 (5943), 936–940.
  • Hvistendahl, M., 2014. Maritime Ambitions. Science, 344 (6184), 572–575.
  • Eck, D.W., Gerstenblith, P., and Phelan, M., 2001. International Cultural Property. The International Lawyer, 36 (2), 607–618.
  • Moss, W.W., 1991.  The Archives Law of the People’s Republic of China: A Summary and Commentary. The American Archivist, 54 (2), 216–219.
  • Liston, J.J. and You, H.-L., 2015. Chinese fossil protection law and the illegal export of vertebrate fossils from china. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 35 (2), e904791.
• ICOMOS 15^th General Assembly and Scientific Symposium (Xi’an, China, 17-21 October, 2005). http://www.icomos.org/xian2005/
• Red List of Chinese Cultural Objects at Risk. http://icom.museum/uploads/tx_hpoindexbdd/RedListofChineseCulturalObjectsatRisk-English.pdf
• Sir, how much is that ming vase in the window? Protecting Cultural Relics in the People’s Republic of China.  http://blog.hawaii.edu/aplpj/files/2011/11/APLPJ_05.1_dutra.pdf
• Deschambault Charter for the Preservation of Quebec’s Heritage (1982)
  • http://www.international.icomos.org/en/charters-and-texts/179-articles-en-francais/ressources/charters-and-standards/192-the-deschambault-charter
  •  http://ocpm.qc.ca/sites/import.ocpm.aegirvps.net/files/pdf/PD04/3mEN.pdf
  • Principles for the Governance of the Heritage Conservation Sector in Canada:  Lessons from International Experience.  http://www.historicplaces.ca/media/10833/governanceforheritage.pdf
• Declaration of Dresden (1982)
  • Reconstruction in the World Heritage Context.  https://engagingconservationyork.files.wordpress.com/2014/02/reconstruction-in-wh-context-rev.pdf
• Conservation and sustainability in Historic Cities.  http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9780470759547.biblio/pdf
• The Florence Charter: Historic Gardens (1981)
  •  http://www.international.icomos.org/charters/gardens_e.pdf
  • http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/historic-gardens/
  • O’Donnell, P.M., 2014.  Florence Charter on Historic Gardens (1982). In: Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2812–2817.
  • Carneiro, A. R. S., Menezes, J. F., & Mesquita, L. (2005).  The conservation of historical gardens in a multidisciplinary context: the” Cactário da Madalena”, Recife, Brazil. City & Time, 1(2).
• Recommendation for the Safeguarding and Preservation of Moving Images (1980)
  •  http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001140/114029e.pdf
  • Walsh, J. (1974).  Soviet-American Copyright Deals-Better Where Barter Is Possible. Science, 186(4166), 805–807. doi:10.1126/science.186.4166.805
  •  Universal Copyright Convention. (1953). Nature, 171, 956.
• World Day for Audiovisual Heritage
  • http://www.un.org/en/events/audiovisualday/background.shtml
  •  http://www.girona.cat/web/sgdap/docs/declaracio_arxius_audiovisuals-2015-DEF_ENG.pdf
  • UNESCO instrument for the safeguarding and preservation of the audiovisual heritage. http://www.ccaaa.org/docs/ccaaa_heritage.pdf
  • http://www.memnon.be/Ourcollectivememory/Ourcollectivememory/tabid/119/language/en-US/Default.aspx
• The Universal Copyright Convention (1952). http://orcp.hustoj.com/2015/10/10/the-ucc-1952/
• The Universal Copyright Convention of 1971 (1971). http://orcp.hustoj.com/2015/11/13/copyright-1971/
• Recommendation for the Protection of Movable Cultural Property (1978).
  • http://orcp.hustoj.com/2015/12/30/recommendation-1978/
  •  http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001140/114032e.pdf#page=176
  •  http://orcp.hustoj.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/1978-Recommendation-for-the-Protection-of-Movable-Cultural-Property-1978.pdf
  •  http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0006/000603/060309eo.pdf
  • http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=13137&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html
    • English:  http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001140/114032e.pdf#page=176
    • Chinese: http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001140/114032cb.pdf#page=1
• Recommendation for the Protection of Movable Cultural Property (1978).
  • Nelson, N.C., 1937.  Prehistoric Archeology, Past, Present and Future. Science, 85 (2195), 81–89.
  • Lomax, A. and Berkowitz, N., 1972.  The Evolutionary Taxonomy of Culture. Science, 177 (4045), 228–239.
  • Graham, G.M., 1987. Protection and Reversion of Cultural Property: Issues of Definition and Justification. The International Lawyer, 21 (3), 755–793.
• The SPAB Manifesto (1877). http://orcp.hustoj.com/2015/10/08/the-spab-manifesto/
• Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict (1954). http://orcp.hustoj.com/2015/10/11/hague_convention1954/
• Recommendation on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property (1964).  http://orcp.hustoj.com/2015/10/24/illicit-import-1964/
• Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property (1970). http://orcp.hustoj.com/2015/11/03/means-1970-2/
• The Charter of Machu Picchu (1977).
  • http://orcp.hustoj.com/2015/12/30/charter-of-machu-picchu-1977/
  •  http://orcp.hustoj.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/1977-The-Charter-of-Machu-Picchu.pdf
  • Le Corbusier,  Principios De Urbanismo, Barcelona: Ariel, 1975 (Titulo del original Frances: LA Charte D’Athenes, Collection Forces Vives—Editions de Minuit).
  •  The Charter of Machu Picchu, 1979. Journal of Architectural Research, 7 (2), 5–9.
  • Seidel, A., Gibson, J., Preiser, W.F.E., and Pellish, D.M., 1979.  Four Commentaries on the Charter. Journal of Architectural Research, 7 (2), 10–12.
  • Built Heritage and Sustainable Tourism.  http://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/29226/InTech-Built_heritage_and_sustainable_tourism_conceptual_economic_and_social_variables.pdf
• Charter of Athens (1933). http://orcp.hustoj.com/2015/10/10/charter-of-athens-1933/.
• Recommendation Concerning the Safeguarding and Contemporary Role of Historic Areas (1976).
  • http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=13133&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html
  • http://orcp.hustoj.com/2015/12/29/recommendation-1976/
  •  http://www.icomos.org/publications/93towns7o.pdf
  • English:  http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001140/114038e.pdf#page=136
  • Chinese:  http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001140/114038cb.pdf#page=1
• The Conservation of old cities as part of the cultural heritage, seen within the context of modern urbanization
• Cultural Tourism (1976). http://orcp.hustoj.com/2015/12/29/cultural-tourism-1976/
• The Role of the ICOMOS in Cultural Tourism at World Heritage Sites.  http://www.icomos.org/publications/93sy_tou10.pdf
• ICOMOS International Cultural Tourism Charter (Managing Tourism at Places of Heritage Significance, 1999).
  •  http://www.icomos.org/charters/tourism_e.pdf
  •  http://orcp.hustoj.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/1999-ICOMOS-International-Cultural-Tourism-Charter.pdf
  • http://www.whitr-ap.org/index.php?classid=1483&newsid=2316&t=show
• Resolutions of the International Symposium on the Conservation of Smaller Historic Towns (1975). http://www.icomos.org/en/charters-and-texts/180-articles-en-francais/chartes-et-normes/384-resolutions-of-the-international-symposium-on-the-conservation-of-smaller-historic-towns-at-the-4th-icomos-general-assembly
• Resolutions of the International Symposium on the Conservation of Smaller Historic Towns (1975). http://www.icomos.org/index.php/en/what-we-do/disseminating-knowledge/publicationall/other-publications/116-english-categories/resources/publications/394-colloque-sur-la-conservation-des-petites-villes-historiques–symposium-on-the-conservation-of-smaller-historic-towns
• European Charter of the Architectural Heritage (1975). http://www.icomos.org/en/charters-and-texts/179-articles-en-francais/ressources/charters-and-standards/170-european-charter-of-the-architectural-heritage
• International Charters on Conservation: The Lost C(L)auses.  http://www.ceci-br.org/novo/revista/docs2008/CT-2008-120.pdf
• Centre de Documentation de l’ICOMOS.  http://mestrado-reabilitacao.fa.utl.pt/disciplinas/jaguiar/icomoshistorictowns.pdf
• European Charter of the Architectural Heritage (1975). http://www.unescobkk.org/fileadmin/user_upload/culture/cultureMain/Instruments/European_Charter.pdf
• Initiative for a European Cultural Heritage Year.  http://www.dnk.de/_uploads/media/1870_2015-11-20_ECHY%E2%80%93Status%20Report.pdf
• Declaration of Amsterdam (1975). http://www.international.icomos.org/en/charters-and-texts/179-articles-en-francais/ressources/charters-and-standards/169-the-declaration-of-amsterdam.
• Draft Opinion: Towards an integrated approach to cultural heritage for Europe.  http://www.europanostra.org/UPLOADS/FILS/20150226-CommitteRegions-Opinion-CulturalHeritage.pdf
• Declaration of Amsterdam (1975). https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Maria_Bostenaru_Dan/publication/200038775_The_Cultural_Value_of_the_Built_Heritage_in_the_International_Documents_Dedicated_to_the_Preservation_of_the_Cultural_Heritage/links/0d50ae560eacbe9be2e9e867.pdf
• European Convention on the Protection of the Archaeological Heritage (1969). http://orcp.hustoj.com/2015/11/02/archaeology-1969/
• European Cultural Convention (1954). http://orcp.hustoj.com/2015/10/10/european-cultural-convention/
• International Urban Conservation Charters: Catalytic or Passive Tools of Urban Conservation Practices Among Developing Countries.  http://www.ceci-br.org/novo/revista/docs2008/CT-2008-106.pdf
• The World Heritage Convention. http://whc.unesco.org/en/convention/
• Basic Texts of the 1972 World Heritage Convention – UNESCO.  http://orcp.hustoj.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/1972-Basic-Texts-of-the-1972-World-Heritage-Convention-UNESCO.pdf
• The World Heritage Convention: An Overview – ICOMOS.  http://www.icomos.org/publications/93touris1.pdf
• List of World Heritage Sites in China.
  • http://orcp.hustoj.com/collections/world-heritage-list-china/
  • Anglin, R., 2013.  The World Heritage List: Bridging the Cultural Property Na- Tionalism-Internationalism Divide. Yale Journal of Law & the Humanities, 20 (2), 241–275.
• Memory of the World in China. http://orcp.hustoj.com/collections/memory-of-the-world/
• Recommendation Concerning International Competitions in Architecture and Town Planning (1956). http://orcp.hustoj.com/2015/10/11/town-planning-1956/
• Records of The General Conference, Ninth Session, New Delhi, 1956. (Full text, original documents)  1956-12-5-Records of The General Conference, Ninth Session, New Delhi, 1956
• Revised Recommendation Concerning International Competitions in Architecture and Town Planning (27 Nov. 1978).
  • Original URL: http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=13134&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html
  • English:  1978-Revised Recommendation concerning International Competitions in Architecture and Town Planning
  • Chinese:  1978-Revised Recommendation concerning International Competitions in Architecture and Town Planning-CN
• Draft Regulations For International Competitions In Architecture, Paris, 30 August 1954, UNESCO. http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0016/001607/160785eb.pdf
• Revision of The Recommendation Concerning International Competitions in Architecture and Town Planning (1956).  http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0002/000277/027743EB.pdf
• Community as Myth and Reality in the UNESCO World Heritage Convention. In: Nicolas Adell, Regina F. Bendix, Chiara Bortolotto & Markus Tauschek (eds.) Between Imagined Communities and Communities of Practice: Participation, Territory and the Making of Heritage, pp. 273-286. Göttingen: Universitätsverlag Gottingen, 2015.   http://orcp.hustoj.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/2015-Between-Imagined-Communities-and-Communities-of-Practice.pdf
• UNESCO, 1972.  UNESCO CONVENTION FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE WORLD CULTURAL AND NATURAL HERITAGE. International Legal Materials, 11 (6), 1358–1366.
•  Universal Copyright Convention. (1953). Nature, 171, 956.
• United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 1972.  UNESCO Recommendation Concerning the Protection, at a National Level, of the Cultural and Natural Heritage. International Legal Materials, 11 (6), 1367–1374.
• Walsh, J. (1974).  Soviet-American Copyright Deals-Better Where Barter Is Possible. Science, 186(4166), 805–807. doi:10.1126/science.186.4166.805
• Merryman, J.H., 1986.  Two Ways of Thinking About Cultural Property. The American Journal of International Law, 80 (4), 831–853.
• Merryman, J.H., 1989. The Public Interest in Cultural Property. California Law Review, 77 (2), 339–364.
• Burns, G. (1991).  Deterioration of our cultural heritage. Nature, 352(6337), 658–660. doi:10.1038/352658a0
• Blake, J. (2000).  On Defining the Cultural Heritage. The International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 49(1), 61–85.
• Balter, M. (2000). Artifacts Prompt Tug-of-War. Science, 287(5450), 33b–33. doi:10.1126/science.287.5450.33b.   Artifacts Prompt Tug-of-War-Science
• Ahmad, Y., 2006.  The Scope and Definitions of Heritage From Tangible to Intangible. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 12 (3), 292–300.
• Schaaf, T. (2003). UNESCO’s experience with the protection of sacred natural sites for biodiversity conservation. In:   The Importance of Sacred Natural Sites for Biological Conservation-Paris (UNESCO)-Proceedings of the International Workshop, Kunming and Xishuangbanna, China. pp. 13-20.
• Meskell, L., 2013.  UNESCO’s World Heritage Convention at 40: Challenging the Economic and Political Order of International Heritage Conservation. Current Anthropology, 54 (4), 483–494.
• Jokilehto, Jukka. “International charters on urban conservation: some thoughts on the principles expressed in current international doctrine.” City & Time 3, no. 3 (2007): 2.
• Auburn, F.M., 1974.  Convention for Preservation of Man’s Cultural Heritage in the Oceans. Science, 185 (4153), 763–764.

Intellectual Property